Tugas 2 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

Nama : Indah Sevia Wulandari

Kelas : 4EA03

Npm : 10208639

Perbedaan penggunaan article A vs AN

Sebagai article, ‘ a ‘ dan ‘ an ‘ artinya adalah satu. Dalam bahasa Indonesia, kedua article ini dapat diterjemahkan menjadi sebuah/seorang/seekor/sehelai dst. Hal ini tergantung dari noun yang mengikutinya. Misalnya,

an apple = sebuah apel

a lady = seorang wanita

a tiger = seekor harimau

a leaf = sehelai daun, dst

Penggunaan A dan AN

1. a dan an hanya dapat diikuti oleh singular nouns (benda tunggal), tetapi tidak pernah secara langsung diikuti oleh uncountable nouns (benda tidak dapat dihitung). Olehnya itu, akan INCORRECT jika anda menulis,

I need a water. (water: uncountable noun)

I just ate a bread. (bread: uncountable noun)

She just heard a bad news about her parents. (news: uncountable noun)

Kalimat ini akan menjadi benar jika article a dihilangkan atau jika di depan uncountable nouns (i.e. water dan bread) ditambahkan penakar (container) atau pengukur yang berfungsi untuk menyatakan berapa banyak/volume/ukuran dari uncountable nouns tersebut.

I need water. Atau I need a glass of water.

I just ate bread. Atau: I just ate a big slice of bread.

She just heard bad news about her parents. Atau: She just heard a piece of bad news about her parents.

2. a dan an digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sebuah singular noun secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

A football is usually made of leather. ( leather = kulit. Note: dalam konteks ini, jangan gunakan kataskin. Leather adalah animal skin yang sudah diolah).

An artist should keep a good relationship with fans.

3. a dan an digunakan untuk merujuk ke sebuah singular noun yang belum pernah disebutkan sebelumnya.

Contoh:

I met a guy last night.

My company just built a new skyscraper. (skyscraper = gedung pencakar langit)

Article ‘a’ dan ‘an‘ digunakan untuk menyatakan bahwa jumlah benda adalah satu (singular). Kapan kita gunakan article ‘ a ‘ dan kapan kita gunakan ‘ an ‘ ?

1. Article ‘ a ‘ digunakan jika noun yang mengikutinya berbunyi konsonan (tak hidup), sedangkan article ‘ an ‘ digunakan jika noun yang mengikutinya berbunyi vokal (hidup). !!! Ingat: Penggunaan kedua article ini tergantung pada pelafalan (pronunciation) di bagian awal dari noun tersebut, bukan tergantung pada tulisan/hurufnya. Ini dimaksudkan agar dalam speaking, lidah lebih nyaman (tidak kelu) dalam mengucapkannya.

Contoh :

· a cat · a tree · a house · a door · a knife · a flower · a bookshelf · a leaf · a box · a uniform ( u dibaca yu) · a university (u dibaca yu) · a union (u dibaca yu)

· an umbrella (u dibaca a) · an angel (seorang bidadari) · an angle (sebuah sudut) · an heir (h tidak dilafalkan) · an hour (h tidak dilafalkan) · an honor (h tidak dilafalkan) · an orange · an apple · an egg · an elephant · an ox · an artist

Note: umbrella dibaca: ambrela. Sekarang baca dengan cepat: an umbrella dan bandingkan dengan a umbrella ! Penggunaan article mana yang lebih enak dan terasa nyambung (tidak kelu) di lidah? An umbrella, bukan?

University dibaca : yuniversiti. Sekarang baca dengan cepat: an university dan bandingkan dengan a university ! Penggunaan article mana yang lebih enak dan terasa nyambung (tidak kelu) di lidah? A university, bukan?

Nah, di sinilah pentingnya mengetahui pelafalan/pengucapan kata-kata bahasa Inggris, sebab dengan mengetahui pelafalannya anda tidak akan mengalami kesulitan dalam menggunakan article a dan an.

2. Jika merupakan noun phrase, penggunaan article ‘ a ‘ atau ‘ an ‘ tergantung pada pelafalan kata pertama dari noun phrase tersebut. Gunakan ‘ an ‘ jika berbunyi vokal, dan ‘ a ‘ jika berbunyi konsonan.

· an orange · an hour · a sharp knife · an orange flower · an old bookshelf · a beautiful house

· a sour orange · a boring hour · an old sharp knife · a fragrant flower · a cheap old bookshelf · an expensive beautiful house

3. Ketika mengeja sebuah huruf, gunakan article an pada huruf-huruf berikut: a, e, f, h, l, m, n, o, r , s, dan x. Begitu juga ketika menyebut sebuah singkatan. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah pelafalan huruf pertama dari singkatan tersebut. (Lihat contoh 1-3).

Contoh:

He is a Federal Bureau of Investigation agent. atau He is an FBI agent.

A landslide just destroyed a whole village last night. “What is tanah longsor in English ?” tanya seorang guru TK. Karena tidak ada yang menjawab, she then gave a clue. “The word starts with anl”. Oh, saya tahu bu guru, landslide.

I just got an SMS from someone I don’t know.

A sweet cat is climbing a tall tree. (Seekor kucing yang manis sedang memanjat sebuah pohon tinggi).

There are a sour orange, a cheap apple, and a rotten egg in the fridge. (Ada satu jeruk kecut, satu apel murah, dan satu telur busuk di dalam kulkas).

I wish I lived in an expensive house. (Saya berharap, saya tinggal di sebuah rumah yang mahal).

This afternoon, my mother and Yeyes are going to go to the market to buy an umbrella, a knife, some potatoes and tomatoes. (Sore ini, ibuku dan Yeyes akan pergi ke pasar untuk membeli sebuah payung, sebuah pisau, beberapa kentang dan beberapa tomat).

Penggunaan article THE

Ada beberapa rules yang harus anda pahami dalam penggunaan article the.

1. The umumnya digunakan untuk merujuk noun yang sudah pernah disebutkan sebelumnya. Dengan adanya the, noun yang dimaksud menjadi lebih spesifik. Noun tersebut bisa countable, bisa juga uncountable noun. Jika countable noun, noun tersebut bisa singular, bisa juga plural. Dalam hal ini, thedapat berarti tersebut atau itu, atau kadang-kadang ini.

Contoh:

I met a guy last night. The guy asked my number and whether I would go out for a date. (number = nomor telepon, date = kencan). Dalam kalimat ini, the bisa digantikan dengan that.

The water in my well is contaminated. (well = sumur, contaminated = terkontaminasi). Dalam kalimat ini, the tidak pas kalau digantikan dengan that, karena “water” di kalimat ini sudah diterangkan oleh “in my well“. Coba terjemahkan, terasa janggal bukan?

Three students didn’t perform well in my exam. The (three) students hadn’t studied hard enough before the exam. Dalam kalimat ini, kata three adalah optional: bisa digunakan, bisa juga dihilangkan, karena maknanya sudah dipahami oleh lawan bicara atau pembaca. Di kalimat ini, thedapat digantikan dengan those/these. Jika anda masih ragu dalam penggunaan those/these, akan lebih aman jika anda gunakan the.

There are many persons named Agnes Monica on Facebook. You will have hard time to find theAgnes Monica who sings Matahariku.

Sebaliknya, the tidak digunakan jika kita membicarakan uncountable nouns atau plural nouns secara umum (in general).

Contoh:

Water needs to be conserved. (Air perlu dikonservasi/dilindungi).

Sugar is sweet. (Gula (rasanya) manis).

Durians are very smelly. (Duarian-durian sangat bau/baunya keras).

Lazy students hardly get good grades. (Murid-murid yang malas hampir tidak pernah mendapat nilai-nilai bagus).

2. Kata seperti breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper (= dinner), school, church, home, dan college pada umumnya tidak membutuhkan article. Tetapi, jika noun ini dirujuk, barulah article the diperlukan.

Contoh:

We go to school everyday. Starting next week, however, the school will be bulldozed by the government. (be bulldozed = diratakan dengan tanah dengan menggunakan bulldozer).

Jenny and I just finished having lunch at the cafetaria. I thanked her because she paid for thelunch.

I am very tired. I’d like to go home.

3. Rules yang lain dalam menentukan apakah the digunakan atau tidak, dapat dilihat pada tabel berikut. Note: the yang digunakan pada nouns di tabel berikut pada umumnya tidak berarti “tersebut”, olehnya itu, tidak dapat digantikan dengan that.

Gunakan THE untuk:	Jangan gunakan THE untuk:
Nama samudra, laut, sungai, teluk, plural lakes (nama danau yang terdiri dari 2 danau atau lebih). Contoh: the Atlantic Ocean, the Pacific Ocean, the Java Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Great Lakes, the Citarum River	Nama danau Contoh: Lake Toba, Lake Batur, Lake Erie
Nama pegunungan Contoh: the Rocky Mountains, the Andes, the Bukit Barisan	Nama gunung Contoh: Mount Merapi, Mount Semeru, Mount Kilimanjaro. Mount Everest.
Earth, moon, sun Contoh: the earth, the moon, the sun	Nama planet (selain bumi), rasi bintang Contoh: Mars, Venus, Orion,
Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika sekolah, universitas, college ditempatkan di depan. Contoh: the School of Cooper’s Art, the University of Gadjah Mada, the college of Arts and Sciences.	Nama sekolah, universitas, college jika sekolah, universitas, college ditempatkan di belakang. Contoh: Cooper’s Art school, Gadjah Mada University, Sante Fe Community College.
Ordinal number sebelum nouns Contoh: the Second World War, the third chapter	Cardinal number setelah nouns Contoh: World War Two, Chapter three.
Nama perang (kecuali perang dunia) Contoh: the Korean War, the Crimean War, the Civil War
Nama negara yang terdiri dari 2 kata atau lebih (kecuali Great Britain) Contoh: the United States of America, the Central African Republic	Nama negara jika hanya terdiri dari satu kata Contoh: Indonesia, China, Canada, France
	Nama benua Contoh: Asia, Europe, South America.
	Nama state/province Contoh: Florida, Ohio, California, Manitoba, Jawa Timur, Sulawesi Utara.
Dokumen bersejarah Contoh: the constitution, the Magna Carta
	Nama Olahraga Contoh: basketball, football, tennis
	Noun abstract Contoh: freedom, happiness
	Bidang ilmu Contoh: mathematics, Economics, sociology
	Nama hari raya Contoh: Christmas, Thanksgiving, Idul Fitri, Independence day

Contoh:

Bryan Adams was born in Canada, but he lives in Great Britain. Celine Dion is also a Canadian born singer, but she lives in the United States now.

The Great Lakes consist of five lakes one of which is Lake Ontario.

The earth travels around the sun, and so does Mars.

(sumber : http://swarabhaskara.com )

Tugas 2 Bahasa Inggris Bisnis2 (exercise4,exercise10 and exercise11)

Exercise 4

1.Jason’s father bought him a bycycle that he had wanted for his birthday.

2.The statue of liberty was a gift of friendship from France to the United States.

3.Rita is studying English and a math this semester.

4.The judge ask a witness to tell the truth.

5.Please give me a cup of coffee with a cream and sugar.

6.The big books on the table are for my history class.

7.No one in Spanish class knew the correct answer to Mrs.Perez’s question.

8.My car is four years old and it still runs well.

9.When you go to the store, please buy a bottle of chocolate milk and a dozen oranges.

10.There are only a few seats left for the tonight’s musical at university.

11.John and Marcy went to school yesterday and then studied in the library before returning home.

12.Lake Eric is one of the five Great Lakes in a North America.

13.On our trip to Spain, we crossed the Atlantic Ocean.

14.Mounth Rushmore is the site of a magnificient tribute to the four great America presidents.

15.What did you eat for breakfast this morning?

16.Louie played a basketball and baseball at the Boy’s Club this year.

17.Rita plays a violin and her sister plays the guitar.

18.While we were in Alaska, we saw the Eskimo village.

19.Phil can’t go to the movies tonight because he has to write an essay.

20.David attented Princeton University.

21.Harry has been admitted to the School of Medicine at Midwestern university.

22.Mel’s grandmother is in the hospital, so we went to write the last night.

23.The political science class is taking a trip to Soviet Union in a spring.

24.The Queen Elizabeth II is a monarch of the Great Britain.

25.The Declaration of Independent was drawn up in 1776.

26.Scientists hope to send an expedition to Mars during 1980s.

27.Last night there was a bird singing outside my house.

28.The chair that you are siting in is broken.

29.The Civil War was fougth in the United States between 1861 and 1865.

30.Florida State University is smaller than the University of Florida.

Exercise 10

1.John, along with twenty friend are planning a party.

2.The picture of the soldiers brings back many memories.

3.The quality of these recordings is not very good.

4.If the duties of these officers aren’t reduced, there will not be enough time to finish the project.

5.The effects of cigarette smoking have been proven to be extremely harmful.

6.The use credit cards in place of cash have increased rapidly in recect years.

7.Advertisements on television are becoming more competitive than ever before.

8.Living expenses in this country, as well as in many others, are at an all-time high.

9.Mr.Jones, accompanied by several members of the committee, have proposed some changes of the rules.

10.The levels of intoxication varies from subject to subject.

Exercise 11

1.Neither Bill nor mary is going to the play tonight.

2.Anything is better than going to another movie tonight.

3.Skating is becoming more popular every day.

4.A number of reporters were at the conference yesterday.

5.Everybody who has a fever must go home immediately.

6.Your glasses was on the bureau last night.

7.There was some people at the meeting last night.

8.The committee has already reached a decision.

9.A pair of jeans ware in the washing machine this morning.

10.Each student have answered the first three questions.

11.Either John or his wife makes breakfast each morning.

12.After she had perused the material, the secretary decided that everything was in order.

13.The crowd at the basketball game was wild with excitement.

14.A pack of wild dogs has frightened all ducks away.

15.The jury is trying to reach a decision.

16.The army has eliminated this section of the training test.

17.The number of students who have withdrawn from class this quarter is appalling.

18.There have been too many interruption in this class.

19.Every elementary school teacher has to take this examination.

20.Neither Jill nor her parents have seen this movie before.